Do-it-yourself two-bell heating and cooking stove for a private house

A two-bell heating cooking stove is a heating structure, which at the same time functions as a kitchen heating panel or a hob.

Such equipment is becoming more widespread. It is convenient in its own way, and on top of that, it's nice to cook dinner. on "live" fire.

Stove in the interior of the house

Many people find such cooking to be healthier and food prepared in this way tastier. It can be said unequivocally that food cooked on fire has its own unique aroma and taste. You can see what cooking looks like in the photo below.

Heating temperature regulator: consider the design options and principles of its operation. Read here.

Cooking on a heating and cooking oven

Two-bell heating furnaces are becoming more widespread for the reason that they can be easily assembled by hand.

It is worth noting that the two-bell system of the chimney design is the most perfect and makes it possible to distribute and retain heat well along the height of the room.

Operating principle of ovens with two bells

The secret of the efficiency of this stove lies in its original design, which allows accumulating and storing heat for a long time. To understand the principle of operation of a two-bell furnace, consider its structural diagram.

After firing up in winter, the incandescent flue gases rise under the roof of the lower bell, transferring heat to the surrounding walls and the hob. But new air enters the combustion chamber, the combustion process continues and the release of hot combustion products continues, displacing the cooled gases under the top of the bell. Those, in turn, descend and fall into a vertical channel leading to the upper bell, where the two-bell design of the furnace provides for the repetition of the previous process with the release of gases outside through the chimney.

The temperature of the flue gases coming out is lower than any other stove with a stove, as they intensively give off their heat to the walls of the stove. For this reason, the chimneys of heat sources of this design must be protected from the destructive effects of condensation. After the heating is over, the heat remains for a long time at the top of both hoods, even if the main valve remains open. Cold air entering through the blower cannot rise under the dome of the hood and passes into the chimney along the path indicated in the diagram by blue arrows.

A two-bell hob oven with a stove allows you to cook food in the summer thanks to an additional valve, the opening of which passes gases directly into the chimney. If the valve is not fully opened, then the flow of combustion products is divided into two, going along different paths. In this way, in the autumn-spring period, it is possible to regulate the intensity of warming up the hoods, that is, the heat output of the stove.

Kuznetsov furnaces device and principles of operation, advantages, variations, drawings

Kuznetsov's stoves are well known not only to stove-makers - they heat many houses in Russia and abroad. IV Kuznetsov has been working on improving the furnaces since 1962 and has gathered around him a strong team of like-minded people. The team has more than 150 developments covering almost the entire range of household stoves, see fig.

Some of the stoves of I. V. Kuznetsov

Many would like to fold some of Kuznetsov's stoves with their own hands, and this article is to help them. But we are not going to reveal some hidden secrets of "blacksmiths" - they simply do not exist.On the website of Igor Viktorovich stove.ru, those who wish will find a huge array of stove information for free: from information on the design and construction of stoves to detailed drawings and recommendations for installing a stove in a house and arranging a blind area around a building with stove heating. We also do not intend to criticize or correct anything in this home-stove encyclopedia: we are far from IV Kuznetsov in stove business, to put it mildly, far away.

The purpose of this article is to give a kind of introduction to the body of Kuznetsov's information, which allows one to more freely navigate the source material. Let us explain with an example why this is needed.

Let's say I'm a station wagon mechanic with a lot of experience and I want to pass it on to others interested. A car is a complicated thing. If I start to get distracted along the way, explaining in detail that how the run-in and caster (let's say, readers are not really teapots, now everyone drives) affect the handling and directional stability of the car, and the gas distribution diagram affects fuel consumption depending on the road conditions, and so on, I will eventually get confused to the point that I myself no longer understand how the car I drive works. Willy-nilly, I will have to present the material, albeit “on the fingers,” but in a professional way.

However, it will be difficult to read it, even for specialists like me, and an amateur will generally be dizzy. Therefore, I will need someone to help me, who can be conditionally called a "recipient". In fact, he is not a kettle at all, he can adjust the suspension himself, and set the valve tappets. But in this case, his task is to describe how the entire filling of the car is assembled into a single whole, controlled according to the principle: "Steer the wheel, gas the gas, brake with the brake."

In the automotive industry of the USSR, a similar situation arose in the late 50s - early 60s, when the industry began to produce cars for widespread sale to the population. Then the superbstseller of that time - "How the car works" was published. Edited by none other than the chief designer of the legendary "Victory" A. Lipgart.

The information "from the recipient" will not yet allow you to get down to work: it does not provide in-depth knowledge that will allow you to at least intuitively figure out the necessary values ​​of the numerical parameters along the way. But it is fundamentally fundamental: owning it, a professional text is read with understanding and faster. And, if somewhere something in him is still incomprehensible, this no longer causes loss and rushing, but just a mark in the mind: you need to find out more about this.

So far, the government has not adopted any landmark decisions on stoves and stove heating. But their role in household heat power engineering in times of energy shortages is undeniable: a heating stove with an efficiency of 70%, when used massively, will save fuel on a national scale, because in the projects of new heating plants, heat losses in the mains of 35% are included, and it is not yet possible to reduce them. So with the popularization of stove knowledge, you have to get out yourself, without being neither Lipgart nor Kuznetsov. Well, let's try.

Interesting terminology

Now about the "catalysts" and other wonderful things supposedly invented by Kuznetsov. Are you familiar with Zepter cookware? Its managers also beautifully talk about some "thermostats", which in fact turn out to be bimetallic thermometers. The lie seems to be small, but it allows you to increase the price. So it is with these constructions. Reviews of Kuznetsov's stoves are far from the most enthusiastic: https://kataevov.livejournal.com/15993.html

And yes, a catalyst is still called something different from the mythical construction of chamotte, because chamotte is refractory by definition.

Now about the miracle of the dry seam. I am very glad that IV Kuznetsov made such a great discovery.But only personally I met a dry seam in pre-revolutionary stoves in the estates of Shakhovsky and Khrapovitsky in the Vladimir region, and they were built before 1917. Or here are two books from 1908 https://yadi.sk/i/K05rK2gLiwnWM and 1943 https://yadi.sk/d/N5V0ZiuOiwnWH. Just look at the pictures. Some of the things are surprisingly reminiscent of the modern elements of the Great Stove.

Design and principle of operation

Bell furnace design
The stove with a hood was developed by engineer Igor Kuznetsov in the early 60s of the last century. Subsequently, the Russian metallurgist Leonid Kotlyar improved the design so that it retains heat up to 19 hours. The peculiarity of "blacksmithing" is that the heated air does not leave the pipe, but is collected under the hood. It gradually cools down and is displaced by rising hot streams. The advantageous difference between a bell-type stove used for heating a house and a duct stove, where hot air under the influence of draft, freely goes out into the street, lies in saving heat.

A two-meter-high structure with a base of 1m * 1m can reach a heat output of 3.5–4.5 kW. Such a bell-type stove is enough to heat a house of 50 square meters in a temperate climatic zone, if you heat it twice a day.

The inventor has improved the design by adding another hood. In Kuznetsov's two-bell heating furnace, the first covering element is connected to the furnace compartment and separates the cold and heated streams. The second bell is located in the upper part of the stove, trapping hot air, which, before entering the chimney, gives off heat to the bricks for a long time.

A two-bell oven is more economical in fuel consumption and is usually equipped with a hob. This allows you to prepare delicious meals without consuming electricity or gas. The design of the stove already includes an extractor hood - there is no need to install an additional ventilation system.

More about plump

In theory, round ovens generally have a lot of advantages, only they are not very convenient in the house. However, there is a considerable demand for compact mobile furnaces, and here the extremely high efficiency of round multi-caps can be a decisive factor, because when the size of the furnace decreases, its efficiency drops sharply due to the square-cube law.

Such ovens, of course, would have to be made of metal. This solves the problem of cleaning, the stove can be made collapsible. But the choice of metals suitable for the ratio of heat capacity and thermal conductivity is extremely limited. Of the inexpensive - only cast iron, but it is heavy and fragile.

However, there is a lighter and stronger metal material with similar properties. These are products of powder metallurgy. When applied to scissor knives, "powder rubbish" is quite justified, but for a furnace in which nothing works for shear, powder parts can be a godsend.

The second problem, which has already been mentioned, is the heat-resistant lining on the roof of the first bell. If it is possible to solve it, then, perhaps, the works and efforts of Igor Viktorovich Kuznetsov will bear fruit more extensive and significant than it seems now.

Second heat load

Nothing works on bare principles. In order for a theoretically absolutely correct stove to heat, dry and cook well, it must also be performed correctly in the material. With regard to bell-type furnaces (and especially to two-bell ones), this means that the thermal load on the material must be high. To make a massive bell-type stove with thick walls is like making a fire in a cave. To feel the warmth, you need to sit by the fire itself, and there will be soot ...

Take a look at fig. On it - drawings and orders of some of Kuznetsov's stoves: a bathhouse. heating and cooking. a double-circuit hot water boiler and an improved Russian with a stove bench. Not being an experienced stove-maker, it is clear that the material per unit of the allocated power (500 W * sq.m of outer surface) in the Kuznetsov furnace is one and a half to two times less than in traditional ones. In general, any bell-type furnace is "empty" inside a channel furnace of equal power.

The orders of some Kuznetsov furnaces

On the one hand, this is good, a brick with a masonry mortar costs money. But on the other hand, it requires careful development and adherence to the construction technology (see below). The heat load, from which the pile of cobblestone does not move, will destroy the thin brick wall already during the accelerating firebox.

For Kuznetsov furnaces, structural mechanics are also important. The strength of the wall on clay mortar decreases with decreasing its thickness much faster than on cement-sand. Therefore, the foundation for these furnaces must be carried out especially carefully in strict accordance with the recommendations of the author. They also need to be strictly followed during construction.

Note: I. V. Kuznetsov allows you to freely copy your materials for yourself, for construction, but objects to reprints. However, the pictures in Fig. small. An amateur can not build anything on them, but a master knows where to get full-fledged drawings. Therefore, we hope that Igor Viktorovich will forgive us for this small borrowing for the good of the cause.

Kuznetsov furnace

Kuznetsov stove with oven and fireplace
The design of this stove allows it to be installed in rooms of any size, while the design can be whatever.

Advantages of Kuznetsov's two-bell ORP:

• high efficiency - 80%;
• minimum amount of soot;
• the heat exchange source can be placed anywhere on the base of the lower bell.
• any solid fuel can be used for heating;
• installation of several sources of heat exchange is possible;
• heated gases cannot escape until they give up most of their heat;
• the stove is operational even with a low chimney.

The flue ducts of such stoves become clogged slowly; they need to be cleaned only once every few years. This is due to the fact that there is always a high temperature in the bell near the firebox. Those combustion products, which in simple furnaces are usually drawn into a pipe and settle on it, burn out in the lower bell in the Kuznetsov furnace. As a result, the amount of soot becomes noticeably less. It is not necessary to close the valve after the stove has heated up, since heat does not escape through it.

Note! The firebox is built separately and is not part of the bell. Since the fuel must burn at a high temperature in a small space.

There are a huge number of varieties of Kuznetsov furnace designs, but the essence of their work is the same - the free movement of gases through two or more bells, as previously described.

Two-bell furnaces Kuznetsova order and its features

The principle of building furnaces, in which it is possible to realize the law of free movement of gases, has been known for a relatively long time. The most common and well-known option is a two-melt furnace.

The principle of its operation is that air from the environment enters the firebox through the blower. At the first stage of combustion, when the lightest fuel fractions are burned, the process is somewhat reminiscent of pyrolysis. This mode is the most effective. But before Kuznetsov, few people enjoyed these advantages. But the orders have a design that allows them to work in a pyrolysis mode. As a result, pyrolysis gases burn under the dome of the third bell. The process itself is interesting. Its peculiarity is that the combustion is self-regulating. If the flame has spread too much, then the draft deteriorates, and the combustion process slows down, if the heat is not enough, the draft increases, and the combustion process intensifies. Kuznetsov's two-bell furnaces (ordering) have a second dome so that the combustion process is not disturbed. The temperature in the second bell with an efficiency of about 80% reaches 300-400 degrees, and this is quite enough to transfer heat to the coolant.

The main stages of arranging a brick oven in order with your own hands

When using ordering for heating and cooking ovens, a number of key steps must be performed. All of them have their own nuances of conducting and unique characteristics, knowing which you can ensure a high level of quality and minimize the cost of arranging the furnace with your own hands.

Next, an example of a furnace arrangement based on the Swedish order will be considered.

Work technology

In the design of a similar heating system. already in order, a blower is provided. This is especially necessary to remember when starting work on arranging the furnace with your own hands.

At the same time, it is important to take into account the peculiarities of laying the 1st row of bricks The fact is that here it is necessary to ensure compliance with the level and control of the corners, using a construction square for this purpose;

At the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to all the characteristics of the first row. The fact is that this largely affects not only the service life and reliability of the heating installation, but also the efficiency of its operation;

The technology of using the ordering provides, upon completion of the laying of the first furnace row, the installation of the door and the blower, after which they begin to lay the 2nd row;

When erecting the 3rd row of the cooking oven, it is necessary to adhere exactly to the ordering instructions.To create a blower, brick should be cut off from each side

And here it is necessary to take into account that the row being arranged must have the same height as the door;

For laying the 4th row of stove masonry, choose a place on the left side. This work begins with the installation of a door to ensure ash removal. This will prevent normal operation of the machine. As for the masonry itself, when it is performed, they adhere to the same order as in the scheme itself. Moreover, it is imperative to take care of overlapping the blower door. A square hole must be made above the ash pan. This idea is realized by laying bricks in a special way;

Starting to lay the 5th row, you need to follow that. so that the opening of the ash pan begins to narrow. In appearance, this row is similar to the 4th one. Therefore, the technology of its laying will be the same;

When starting the device of the 6th row, it is necessary to use a special brick with refractory properties as a material. Most often, a diagram developed by qualified stove-makers contains a note about this in the form of shading. Such a hint allows you to simplify the masonry process and avoid possible difficulties when performing these works;

The brick that will be laid in front of the grate must be chipped off. A detailed solution has a positive effect on the efficiency and quality of the placement of the fuel on the grate during use of the stove. At the same time, the 5th row of the oven masonry will directly support the grate;

Bricks of the 6th row and the grate grate should create between themselves a sufficient space 10-15 cm wide, where it is necessary to place sand or ash, and the presence of such a gap is necessary to create the effect of expansion of the metal of the grate when using a heating device;

After creating the U-shaped channel at the previous stages, it must be closed. Moreover, this is done with the expectation that as a result, three new ones arise. This stage provides for the installation of the furnace door, the support for which will be provided directly by the 6th row of the furnace masonry;

The process of laying the 8th and 9th rows of the Swedish stove masonry is carried out in the same way as in the case of the 7th. In this case, it must be remembered that it must have the same placement height as the door of the combustion chamber.Here, the processing of bricks is mandatory, with the help of which access to the partition of the combustion chamber and the left channel is blocked: they are cut on both sides, thereby ensuring the efficiency and smooth transition of combustion products from the furnace to the channel;

To create the 10th row of the furnace, refractory bricks are used. The laying technology provides for vertical placement, which should be complemented by regular checks carried out through the building level. The need for this is due to the fact that for such furnaces, when ordering, a special cooking deck must be placed on these bricks;

Next, you can start gluing the fire door. as a result, the final row will have two channels that differ in the presence of a perfectly square section.

Manufacturing procedure

Required tools

Double bell heating stoves are very different from the traditional designs that were used by our ancestors. Without going into the intricacies, it should be noted that for their design it is not necessary to involve a qualified stove-maker, the price of whose services is very high.

All work can be done independently, it is enough to have only the initial skills in handling bricks, mortar and trowel.

Before starting work, you should prepare the following tools:

• a trowel, which is needed for laying bricks;

A trowel is an indispensable tool for any stove-maker

• a mallet, with which it will be possible to level the laid stones;
• a bricklayer's hammer, without which you will not be able to give the bricks the required dimensions;
• the building level required to align the elements of the furnace horizontally;
• a plumb line, with the help of which the correct vertical installation is controlled.

Advice! The last two devices can successfully replace the laser level. This is the most accurate tool, however, its acquisition is justified only if large construction is to be done.

The laser level will help to make the oven level.

Materials used

The dimensions of the stove depend on the area of ​​your country house. As a rule, a small structure is sufficient to provide an acceptable temperature in a room, the area of ​​which does not exceed 50 square meters. meters. Otherwise, it is advisable to choose a more efficient heating system.

To build a furnace, you need to stock up on a sufficient amount of bricks (about 300 pieces). It must be fireproof, otherwise it may crack from exposure to high temperatures.

Clay is also needed, which is used for laying stoves. In addition, take care of the presence of sand, without which it is impossible to prepare a high-quality mortar.

Make sure you use refractory bricks

In a hardware store, you should purchase such structural elements in advance (it is impossible or very difficult to make them yourself):

• corners and steel strips - they are useful for arranging floors at various levels of masonry;
• hot water and drying boxes - their dimensions depend on the dimensions of the oven you have chosen;
• valves and doors - are elements of the firebox and protect the room from fire;
• hob - its design can be chosen depending on personal preferences.

Furnace masonry

Before describing the process of designing a stove, it should be noted that when building a country house, it is necessary to foresee the arrangement of the foundation for it in advance. Otherwise, the design will be unreliable. And casting the base after laying the finished floor will be either impossible or too costly.

Layout of the masonry of a two-bell furnace

The work is done in the following sequence:

1. The first and second rows are laid out. They will serve as a basis, therefore it is not recommended to use broken stones. In extreme cases, they can clog the middle.Moreover, broken brick at the edges of the masonry will spoil the appearance of the structure.

A start!

1. The ash chamber is being constructed. It occupies layers of masonry from 3 to 5. In the front part, it is necessary to provide a place for installing the door. In addition, here you can leave the space used in the future for the installation of the drying chamber.
2. The ash chamber is overlapped. To this end, the sixth row of masonry is built up inward, after which grate bars are mounted, which are fixed with bricks of the seventh row.
3. A combustion chamber is being manufactured. It occupies rows from 8 to 10. The drying chamber is faced with the same bricks.

The manufacturing process of the two-bell furnace continues

1. The overlap is being laid. For this, before the installation of the 11th row, steel strips are laid on the brick, which are sealed from above with a screed made of clay mortar. When pouring the mixture, a place must be provided for arranging the chimney.
2. A place for the hob is being prepared. For this, the 12th row of bricks is used, with which the previously hardened clay of the previous row is laid.
3. A hob is installed. It is mounted on the 13th row of bricks. A tank can be installed on top, which uses the heat of the escaping smoke to heat the water.
4. The chimney is being laid. It starts from row 14, and its dimensions depend on the height of the ceiling and other parameters of the room.

Various options for external design

Note! The dimensions of the oven can be larger. In this case, the order of work will not change, you just need to proportionally increase the rows of masonry.

We put the bell oven

In double-bell furnaces, the heat load on the materials is extremely high. Therefore, it is easy to make a mistake and implement a similar structure with massive walls. The fire will burn in it, but instead of the expected heat, you will receive smoke and soot.

Analysis of the order of Kuznetsov furnaces for various purposes, which are based on a 2-kolpaktovy version, (heating and cooking, for a bath, with the installation of a double-circuit hot water boiler, etc.), allows us to identify a very characteristic feature. On a unit Nout, equal to 500 W / m2 of the outer surface of the material, almost 1.5 times less is consumed than in products of traditional designs.

This has both a plus (cheaper construction due to the need for fewer bricks and mortar for masonry) and a minus. Such products make high demands on the development and strict observance of all technological nuances of masonry. Since the actual heat load, which is safe for a thick-walled furnace, is capable of destroying the thin wall already at the stage of the accelerating furnace.

Construction mechanics should also be close and understandable to the stove-maker who decides to lay out the bell-type stove with his own hands. The simplest confirmation of this thesis is that the strength characteristics of the wall laid with the use of clay mortar, if its thickness decreases, fall much faster than that of cement masonry. This places high demands on the foundation of such a furnace. The stove operator is obliged to strictly follow the recommendations of the author of the order with which he works. Moreover, not only when arranging the foundation, but further, at all other stages of the laying of the furnace.

Their primary basis is a floating firebox. It is laid out from refractory bricks (fireclay). The most popular brands are Ш-5 and ШБ-8. The rest of the furnace body is made of ordinary ceramic bricks, grades from M150 and above.

Recall floating, it is called because:

A dry seam is formed around the firebox from all sides, or in places strictly established by the order.

The technique for its implementation is as follows. After completing the laying of the last row of fireclay bricks, the masonry mortar is removed from all the joints between it and the ceramic brick.In the resulting voids, special gaskets are inserted, which are prepared from various types of mineral cardboard. The most commonly used are kaolin and basalt. It is possible to use other technologies, which are necessarily specified in the specifications available for a specific furnace.

Disconnected modules. This principle is subject to strict observance. Fireclay bricks in any version should not be inserted into the grooves between ceramic bricks (the opposite is also true), even if there are damping joints.

The heat capacity of fireclay bricks and its TCR are significantly different from those of ordinary ceramic bricks. Therefore, the firebox, if there is a connection with the main body of the stove, will simply tear the masonry already at the stage of kindling.

That is why it is required to make a firebox for such stoves as a fairly compact module inserted into a socket prepared from ceramic bricks. At the same time, there are a number of technical nuances of ensuring the removal of gases through the chimney.

It is very important to use in work only the material named in the specification for the furnace, as well as specified in the order. The designs of such furnaces are calculated and high-tech.

Therefore, replacement has a very negative effect on the performance of the finished product. In the best case, the oven will have to be repaired. At worst, disassemble completely and lay out in a new way.

Furnace calculation

Now about the choice of ovens. It's simple. First, we calculate the approximate heat loss of the room. To do this, the volume of the room (necessarily according to the outer dimensions! After all, the room gives off heat precisely by the outer surfaces of the walls! That is, we take the height taking into account the thickness of the walls and ceilings. And other figures taking into account the thickness of the walls) and calculate the cubic capacity. The resulting volume is multiplied by 21. We get the heat loss of the room. According to this figure, we select the design of the furnace.

If you want to create a stove on your own, then the figure of heat loss is divided by 300 - so much heat is released on average per square meter of the active surface of the stove, that is, "where it heats up." So we find the outer dimensions of the furnace. Divide the figure by four - we get the area of ​​one stove wall (square in plan). And then we come up with a filling for it, or we take a ready-made structure.

If the stove turned out to be large, you can reduce it a little - on the basis that we will heat it twice a day. But here it must be remembered that a double firebox gives an increase in the heat transfer of the stove not twice, but somewhere in 1.4-1.5 times.

Advantages and disadvantages

The principle of hot air movement in a bell-type furnace
Kuznetsov's designs have many advantages. One of them is the increased efficiency - 93 percent. For comparison - in Russian stoves it is about 80. At the same time, “blacksmiths” have uniform heat transfer, less temperature fluctuations.

Other design advantages:

• There is no soot left, and therefore the stove and the flue duct may not be cleaned for several years, which greatly simplifies maintenance.
• The device can be erected anywhere - in the corner zone, in the middle of the room, near the wall. Often, a two-bell oven heats several floors of a house on one tab.
• The stove chimney can be shortened to save bricks.
• "Kuznetsovka" is easily combined with a stove, fireplace, stove bench, differing in a variety of modifications.
• It is easy to connect a water circuit to the stove and pipe heated water for bathing or heating.
• Thanks to the increased level of pyrolysis, fuel is saved, which can be anything.
• The masonry will last longer, there is less risk of cracks.
• With the shutter open for a short time, it is almost impossible to cool the stove, because the cap is always filled with warm air, and the cold one is pressed downward.

Bykov's oven

Bykov's stoves with right angles, have a simple masonry.One of the largest is a stove with the following parameters: width 51 cm, depth 140 cm, height 215 cm (excluding the pipe). Its creator gave it the name of a thick-walled thick wall. This stove can be fitted into a wall between 2 rooms.

Bykov's two-bell furnace

Bykov's furnace design stands out slightly from the two-bell design. The part located at the bottom - furnace, consists of ascending and descending channels. The upper one is made in the form of a cap, divided by five channels made in the form of a sieve. As a result, the area begins to increase, which borders on hot gases. And this, in turn, significantly increases the efficiency of the furnace.

Double-bell ORPs have a simple design, but they are not easy to erect. To build such a furnace, you should have at least some experience, or choose a more conventional structure, such as the name of Bykov. Best of all, in order to avoid trouble with room smoke or other problems, first of all, talk to a specialist.